Antibacterial efficacy of clove leaf ethanol extract (Syzygium aromaticum L.) against Salmonella enterica serovar typhi using chloramphenicol as a comparative standard

Efektivitas antibakteri ekstrak etanol daun cengkih (Syzygium aromaticum L.) terhadap Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi dengan menggunakan kloramfenikol sebagai standar pembanding

Abstract

Infectious diseases remain a serious problem due to the slow discovery of new antibiotic drugs compared to the rate of bacterial resistance, such as in typhoid fever, prompting a growing trend toward using medicinal plants like cloves (Syzygium aromaticum L.) as an efficient alternative to help reduce resistance. This laboratory-scale experimental study was conducted from February to March 2023 at the Pharmacy Laboratory of STIKES Bhakti Pertiwi Luwu Raya Palopo, utilizing clove leaf samples extracted with 70% ethanol via the maceration method and tested against Salmonella typhi bacteria. The results showed that clove leaf extracts at concentrations of 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% exhibited antibacterial effects against the growth of Salmonella typhi, where higher concentrations yielded larger inhibition zones, with the highest average inhibition zone of 16.76 mm observed at the 20% concentration, classified as a strong inhibitory power. It is concluded that clove leaf extract is effective as an antibacterial agent, and further research with broader concentration ranges, extended time frames, and testing on other microorganisms such as fungi and viruses is recommended.